Products related to Costs:
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Justice in Climate Policy : Distributing Climate Costs Fairly
This open access book is looking into ways to achieve just climate policy within a country.The authors of this monograph share a unique, timely and original vision: continuous support for climate policy is more likely to emerge when citizens find that the distribution of the bill for climate costs is fair.But what is a fair distribution of climate costs? This is an important question because financial costs of mitigation (reducing greenhouse gases), adaptation (adapting to climate change) and damage (compensating or compensating after weather extremes) increase significantly in the coming decades.Drawing on philosophy and ethics, the authors propose ten principles for achieving just distributions of domestic climate costs.Examples of such principles are individual responsibility, the polluter pays, greatest utility and capacity to pay.Yet what a fair distribution is, depends on, for example, political preferences and the policy issue at hand.Empirical research on designing climate policies, however, shows that distributive principles are not part of the political, policy, and public discussions.The authors therefore argue that explicit attention to principles of just distribution at the start of a policy process contributes to support for climate policy.This book provides tools to professionals and students to achieve justice in climate policy.
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Sustaining Access to Justice : New Avenues for Costs and Funding
This book explores the complex landscape of costs and funding of civil justice. Access to civil justice continues to be undermined by State retrenchment of legal aid budgets, increases in procedural costs, the complexity of court procedures, and severe delays in the dispensation of justice.This has resulted in a shift from public to private funding of civil litigation, and the emergence of new business models and forms of private justice. The book explores the dynamic landscape of legal costs and financing from 3 perspectives: regulatory frameworks in public and private funding; new trends and challenges in contemporary legal financing; and the transformative potential of alternative dispute resolution (ADR) and online dispute resolution (ODR) procedures to streamline civil justice processes and expand access to justice. By addressing the intersectionality of legal, economic, political, market and social dynamics, the book helps readers gain a better understanding of the inherent complexity of costs, funding, and their implications for access to justice.This timely resource offers academics, policymakers, and practitioners valuable insights into the dynamics that shape the current state and future prospects of civil justice in Europe to help create sustainable pathways for improved access to justice.
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Kindness Costs Nothing mug.
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Evanston Salt Costs Climbing
Winters keep getting worse in Evanston IL where salt truck drivers Peter and Basil battle the ice and snow and pass the time with jokes and stories.But what's with this creeping sense of dread? Is it because their boss Maiworm has noble visions of new green technology that would make their jobs obsolete? Or is there a more terrifying warning calling out from under these roads?At least they have each other right?Pulitzer Prize finalist Will Arbery confronts humanity's darkest fears with humor warmth and the fortitude of municipal public servants in this play about climate and change. "Arbery is one of the theater's greatest listeners able to hear and reproduce the subtle and deeply specific ways individuals reveal themselves and their relationships to others with language." - The New York Times Magazine"In a great piece of art you'll have one moment where the truth will punch through.But in a profoundly generous piece of art like Evanston - a play that is theoretical painful deep and hysterically funny - those moments of truth keep punching through and through and through." - BOMB Magazine"A pitch-dark comedy...Arbery is the playwright of the moment... writing about issues that tend to lead to indulgent hopelessness. ...But what if looking right into the heart of catastrophe could actually get us to act?" - The New Yorker
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"Equality before, but justice first?"
"Equality before, but justice first" suggests that while equality is important, it should not come at the expense of justice. This phrase emphasizes the need to address systemic injustices and inequalities in order to achieve true equality. It implies that simply treating everyone the same does not necessarily address the underlying issues of discrimination and oppression. Instead, it calls for prioritizing justice in order to create a more equitable society for all.
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What is the difference between justice and equality?
Justice refers to the fair and impartial treatment of individuals based on their actions and circumstances. It involves ensuring that individuals receive what they deserve based on their conduct and the law. On the other hand, equality refers to the state of being equal, especially in status, rights, and opportunities. It focuses on ensuring that everyone has the same access to resources and opportunities, regardless of their background or circumstances. While justice emphasizes fairness and impartiality, equality emphasizes equal treatment and access to resources.
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Why are direct costs considered opportunity costs?
Direct costs are considered opportunity costs because when a company chooses to allocate resources to a particular project or investment, it is forgoing the opportunity to use those resources in an alternative way. By using resources for a specific purpose, the company is giving up the potential benefits that could have been gained from using those resources elsewhere. Therefore, direct costs represent the value of the next best alternative that the company is giving up in order to pursue a particular opportunity. In this way, direct costs are a reflection of the opportunity cost of using resources in a specific manner.
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Are labor costs fixed or variable costs?
Labor costs are typically considered variable costs because they fluctuate based on the level of production or services provided. As the amount of work increases, labor costs also increase. Conversely, if production decreases, labor costs will decrease as well. Fixed costs, on the other hand, remain constant regardless of the level of production.
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The Costs of Living
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Spon's Estimating Costs Guide to Electrical Works : Unit Rates and Project Costs
All the cost data you need to keep your estimating accurate, competitive and profitable. Do you work on jobs between £50 and £50,000? Then this book is for you. Specially written for contractors and small businesses carrying out small works, Spon's Estimating Cost Guide to Electrical Works provides accurate information on thousands of rates, each broken down to labour, material overheads and profit for residential, retail and light industrial premises.It is the first book to include typical project costs for new installations, stripping out, rewiring and upgrading for flats and houses. In addition, vital information and advice is given on setting up and running a business, employing staff, tax, VAT and CIS4s. For the cost of approximately two hours of your charge-out rate (or less), this book will help you to:produce estimates fasterkeep your estimates accurate and competitiverun your business more effectivelysave time.
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Digital Management of Construction Costs
Today, software applications make cost estimation and management easier than ever before, but the role played by a construction professional who undertakes financial control and performance of a project remains as crucial as ever.Digital Management of Construction Costs provides readers with a route to understand how technology is dynamically transforming the construction sector and informs them of digital-first practices that can lead to more accurate forecasting and budgeting during the planning process, benchmarking, and monitoring throughout the expected delivery timeline.Theoretical principles and methodological techniques are accompanied by applied investigations of cases where improved efficiencies brought about by the uptake of novel solutions have led to successful bids or project completion.Added value is also provided by findings of the literature review, a framework conceptualized within the context of digitalization, and a discussion on future directions and implications. Written by experts in academia who aim to foster further subject matter research by compiling a useful reference resource, this book proves to be beneficial to both early-career practitioners and professionals in a more advanced stage of their career who wish to keep abreast of the most recent developments in their field.
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Kindness Costs Nothing classic fit.
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Can there be justice and equality at the same time?
Justice and equality are interconnected concepts, but achieving both at the same time can be challenging. Justice often involves addressing historical and systemic inequalities, while equality aims to ensure fairness and equal opportunities for all. Striking a balance between the two requires addressing underlying power dynamics and creating policies that promote both justice and equality. It is possible to work towards achieving justice and equality simultaneously, but it requires a comprehensive and inclusive approach that addresses the complexities of social, economic, and political systems.
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What is more important to you: freedom, equality, or justice?
As an AI language model, I don't have personal preferences, but I can provide an analysis. The importance of freedom, equality, and justice can vary depending on the context and individual perspectives. However, all three values are essential for a fair and just society. Freedom allows individuals to express themselves and pursue their goals, while equality ensures that everyone has the same opportunities and rights. Justice is crucial for holding individuals and institutions accountable and ensuring that everyone is treated fairly under the law. Ultimately, a balance of all three values is necessary for a functioning and equitable society.
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Doesn't the symbol stand for equality or also for justice?
The symbol of the equal sign is commonly associated with the concept of equality, representing the idea that two quantities are the same or balanced. However, it can also be interpreted as a symbol of justice, as it signifies fairness and impartiality in mathematical equations and logical reasoning. In this sense, the equal sign can be seen as a representation of both equality and justice, embodying the principles of balance and fairness in various contexts.
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Hello everyone, I need to define the following terms: additional costs, different costs, variable costs, and fixed costs.
Additional costs refer to any extra expenses incurred beyond the initial or expected costs. Different costs are the various types of expenses that a business or individual may encounter, such as operating costs, production costs, or overhead costs. Variable costs are expenses that fluctuate with the level of production or sales, such as raw materials or labor. Fixed costs are expenses that remain constant regardless of the level of production or sales, such as rent, insurance, or salaries.
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