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Basic Equality
An innovative argument that vindicates our normative commitment to basic equality, synthesising philosophy, history, and psychologyWhat makes human beings one another’s equals?That we are "basic equals" has become a bedrock assumption in Western moral and political philosophy. And yet establishing why we ought to believe this claim has proved fiendishly difficult, floundering in the face of the many inequalities that characterise the human condition.In this provocative work, Paul Sagar offers a novel approach to explaining and justifying basic equality.Rather than attempting to find an independent foundation for basic equality, he argues, we should instead come to see our commitment to this idea as the result of the practice of treating others as equals.Moreover, he continues, it is not enough to grapple with the problem through philosophy alone—by just thinking very hard, in our armchairs; we must draw insights from history and psychology as well. Sagar writes that, as things stand, there appear to be no good arguments for believing in the truth of basic equality.Indeed, for much of Western intellectual history and social practice, basic inequality has been the default position.How is it then, Sagar asks, that in Western societies, in a period of less than a century, basic equality emerged as the dominant view?Sagar approaches this not as a mere philosophical puzzle, but as a dramatic historical development.In so doing, he shows us what is at stake when human beings treat one another as equals just because they are human beings.
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Freedom, Equality and Justice in Islam
In 'Freedom, Equality and Justice in Islam', M H Kamali presents the reader with an analysis of the three concepts of freedom, equality and justice from an Islamic point of view and their manifestations in the religious, social, legal and political fields.The author discusses the evidence to be found for these concepts in the Qur'an and 'Sunna', and reviews the interpretations of the earlier schools of law.The work also looks at more recent contributions by Muslim jurists who have advanced fresh interpretations of freedom, equality and justice in the light of the changing realities of contemporary Muslim societies. 'Freedom, Equality and Justice in Islam' is part of a series dedicated to the fundamental rights and liberties in Islam and should be read in conjunction with 'The Dignity of Man: An Islamic Perspective and Freedom of Expression in Islam.'
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Caring Democracy : Markets, Equality, and Justice
A rethinking of American democracy that puts caring responsibilities at the centerAmericans now face a caring deficit: there are simply too many demands on people’s time for us to care adequately for our children, elderly people, and ourselves.At the same time, political involvement in the United States is at an all-time low, and although political life should help us to care better, people see caring as unsupported by public life and deem the concerns of politics as remote from their lives.Caring Democracy argues that we need to rethink American democracy, as well as our fundamental values and commitments, from a caring perspective.What it means to be a citizen is to be someone who takes up the challenge: how should we best allocate care responsibilities in society?Joan Tronto argues that we need to look again at how gender, race, class, and market forces misallocate caring responsibilities and think about freedom and equality from the standpoint of making caring more just.The idea that production and economic life are the most important political and human concerns ignores the reality that caring, for ourselves and others, should be the highest value that shapes how we view the economy, politics, and institutions such as schools and the family.Care is at the center of our human lives, but Tronto argues it is currently too far removed from the concerns of politics.Caring Democracy traces the reasons for this disconnection and argues for the need to make care, not economics, the central concern of democratic political life.
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Aquinas: Basic Works : Basic Works
Drawn from a wide range of writings and featuring state-of-the-art translations, Basic Works offers convenient access to Thomas Aquinas' most important discussions of nature, being and essence, divine and human nature, and ethics and human action. The translations all capture Aquinas's sharp, transparent style and display terminological consistency.Many were originally published in the acclaimed translation-cum-commentary series The Hackett Aquinas, edited by Robert Pasnau and Jeffrey Hause.Others appear here for the first time: Eleonore Stump and Stephen Chanderbahn's translation of On the Principles of Nature, Peter King's translation of On Being and Essence, and Thomas Williams' translations of the treatises On Happiness and On Human Acts from the Summa theologiae. Basic Works will enable students to immerse themselves in Aquinas's thought by offering his fundamental works without internal abridgements.It will also appeal to anyone in search of an up-to-date, one-volume collection containing Aquinas' essential philosophical contributions--from the Five Ways to the immortality of the soul, and from the nature of happiness to virtue theory, and on to natural law.
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What are Rawls' basic principles of justice?
Rawls' basic principles of justice are outlined in his theory of justice as fairness. The first principle states that each person has an equal right to the most extensive basic liberty compatible with a similar liberty for others. The second principle focuses on social and economic inequalities, stating that they should be arranged so that they are both to the greatest benefit of the least advantaged and attached to positions and offices open to all under conditions of fair equality of opportunity. These principles are meant to ensure that all individuals have equal access to basic liberties and opportunities, and that any inequalities in society are structured to benefit the least advantaged.
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What are the basic principles of procedural justice?
The basic principles of procedural justice include fairness, transparency, voice, and impartiality. Fairness refers to the idea that the procedures used in decision-making should be unbiased and equitable. Transparency means that the process and criteria for decision-making should be clear and easily understood by all involved. Voice refers to the opportunity for all parties to be heard and have their perspectives considered. Impartiality means that decisions should be made without bias or favoritism. These principles are essential for creating a sense of trust and legitimacy in the decision-making process.
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"Equality before, but justice first?"
"Equality before, but justice first" suggests that while equality is important, it should not come at the expense of justice. This phrase emphasizes the need to address systemic injustices and inequalities in order to achieve true equality. It implies that simply treating everyone the same does not necessarily address the underlying issues of discrimination and oppression. Instead, it calls for prioritizing justice in order to create a more equitable society for all.
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What are the two basic principles of justice by John Rawls?
John Rawls proposed two basic principles of justice in his book "A Theory of Justice." The first principle is the principle of equal basic liberties, which states that each person has an equal right to the most extensive basic liberties compatible with similar liberties for all. The second principle is the difference principle, which focuses on social and economic inequalities. It states that these inequalities should be arranged so that they are to the greatest benefit of the least advantaged members of society.
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Play and Social Justice : Equity, Advocacy, and Opportunity
The importance of play for healthy development is undeniable.Aspects of play have been linked to the development of social skills, health and fitness, motivation, curiosity, innovation, imagination, and problem solving.Both theory and research suggest that play of various types is critical for healthy development and that playfulness is an important quality across the life span.However, opportunities to play and quality of play facilities in schools, after-school programs, childcare centers, community parks, and museums are not equitable by race, socio-economic status, and ability. And racial profiling, immigrant status, illness, and incarceration interfere with child’s play.The first section of the book defines play and social justice and describes disparities in play opportunities in childcare, schools, and communities as well as inequities in how play is interpreted.The next section describes pre-school, elementary, high school, and university programs that use play to liberate, teach, and build community as well as after-school, hospital, and community programs that help to level the playing field of opportunity.The final part of the book discusses ways to ameliorate inequities through research and advocacy.Four research methods are described that are useful for conducting studies on the amount of play children experience, attitudes toward play, and the effect of play on other variables.Finally, a child, a parent, and a teacher describe ways they tried to obtain more recess, using various methods of advocacy.The appendix provides resources indispensable for those convinced that play for all is indeed a social justice issue worthy of advocacy.
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G. A. Cohen : Liberty, Justice and Equality
G. A. Cohen was one of the towering political philosophers of the late twentieth and early twenty-first centuries.His intellectual career was unusually wide-ranging, and he was celebrated internationally not only for his penetrating ideas about liberty, justice and equality, but also for his method, a highly original and influential combination of analytical philosophy and Marxism. Christine Sypnowich guides readers through the rich body of Cohen’s work.By identifying five paradoxes in his thought, she explores the origins of his interest in analytical philosophy, his engagement with the ideas of right-wing libertarianism, his critique of John Rawls’s work, his late-career turn to conservatism, and the tension between his preoccupation with individual responsibility and the idea of a socialist ethos.Sypnowich acknowledges the strengths of Cohen’s positions as well as their tensions and flaws, and presents him as a thinker of startling insight. This compelling introduction is a go-to resource for students and scholars of modern political philosophy.
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Basic
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Arctic Justice : Environment, Society and Governance
EPDF and EPUB available Open Access under CC-BY-NC-ND licence. Offering a unique introduction to the study of justice in the European, North American and Russian Arctic, this collection considers the responsibilities and failures of justice for environment and society in the region.Inspired by key thinkers in justice, this book highlights the real and practical consequences of postcolonial legacies, climate change and the regions’ incorporation into the international political economy.The chapters feature liberal, cosmopolitan, feminist, as well as critical justice perspectives from experts with decades of research experience in the Arctic.Moving from a critique of current failures, the collection champions a just and sustainable future for Arctic development and governance.
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What are the two basic principles of justice according to John Rawls?
John Rawls proposed two basic principles of justice in his book "A Theory of Justice." The first principle is the principle of equal basic liberties, which states that each person should have an equal right to the most extensive basic liberties compatible with similar liberties for all. The second principle is the difference principle, which focuses on social and economic inequalities. It states that inequalities are only justified if they benefit the least advantaged members of society.
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Why should the principle of equality apply to the distribution of basic freedoms?
The principle of equality should apply to the distribution of basic freedoms because it ensures that all individuals have the same opportunities to exercise their fundamental rights and participate fully in society. Without equality in the distribution of basic freedoms, certain groups may be marginalized or disadvantaged, leading to social injustice and inequality. By upholding the principle of equality in the distribution of basic freedoms, societies can strive towards a more just and inclusive environment where everyone has the chance to thrive and contribute to the community.
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Which advanced and basic courses should I choose? Physics (advanced), French (advanced), Civics (basic), Geography (basic), Biochemistry (basic).
It ultimately depends on your interests and future goals. If you are considering a career in science or engineering, taking advanced Physics and Biochemistry would be beneficial. If you are interested in pursuing a career in international relations or language-related fields, advanced French could be a good choice. Basic Civics and Geography courses can provide you with a foundational understanding of important social and environmental issues. Consider your strengths, interests, and future aspirations when making your decision.
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What is the difference between justice and equality?
Justice refers to the fair and impartial treatment of individuals based on their actions and circumstances. It involves ensuring that individuals receive what they deserve based on their conduct and the law. On the other hand, equality refers to the state of being equal, especially in status, rights, and opportunities. It focuses on ensuring that everyone has the same access to resources and opportunities, regardless of their background or circumstances. While justice emphasizes fairness and impartiality, equality emphasizes equal treatment and access to resources.
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