Products related to Mandates:
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Midterms and Mandates : Electoral Reassessment of Presidents and Parties
Midterm elections have forced presidents to adjust course, reshaped their relationship with the party they lead, and heralded the rise or fall of new electoral coalitions.This book presents a fresh perspective on the American presidency by analysing how midterms modify in crucial ways the mandate that a president gained at the time of their election to the White House.Midterms not only provide an important opportunity for voters to evaluate the record of a president so far, but also have consequences for an administration's pursuit of the president's agenda over the two years that follow.Bringing together political scientists and historians, this collection presents a multidisciplinary understanding of the interplay between midterm elections and the American presidency.Patrick Andelic is Senior Lecturer in American History at Northumbria University.
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America's New Vaccine Wars : California and the New Politics of Mandates
Bioethicist Mark Navin and policy scholar Katie Attwell explore the evolution of American childhood vaccination policy through the prism of political history, contemporary parenthood, and diverse governance strategies.America's New Vaccine Wars focuses on the origins and the outcomes of America's recent efforts to eliminate nonmedical exemptions to school and daycare vaccine mandates.These policy developments have increased immunization rates, but they have also ignited polarizing, nationwide debates about parents' rights, democracy, and the authority of the government to use coercion to promote health.This book explores the meaning of these battles for parents, doctors, the politics of public health, and the future of bioethics. Navin and Attwell ground the book with a case study of California's efforts to exclude unvaccinated children from school and daycare following the Disneyland Measles Outbreak of 2014.The authors use original interviews with key policymakers and activists to explain the development and execution of California's new vaccination policies, and they connect California's immunization policy developments to similar efforts across America and in other countries.America's New Vaccine Wars is a story about how political and community actors fought to exclude unvaccinated children from school in the face of significant opposition and failing public health institutions.The book unpacks the meaning and impact of these efforts for broader debates about America's immunization governance, including conflicts about coercive public health measures during the COVID-19 pandemic.
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Freedom, Equality and Justice in Islam
In 'Freedom, Equality and Justice in Islam', M H Kamali presents the reader with an analysis of the three concepts of freedom, equality and justice from an Islamic point of view and their manifestations in the religious, social, legal and political fields.The author discusses the evidence to be found for these concepts in the Qur'an and 'Sunna', and reviews the interpretations of the earlier schools of law.The work also looks at more recent contributions by Muslim jurists who have advanced fresh interpretations of freedom, equality and justice in the light of the changing realities of contemporary Muslim societies. 'Freedom, Equality and Justice in Islam' is part of a series dedicated to the fundamental rights and liberties in Islam and should be read in conjunction with 'The Dignity of Man: An Islamic Perspective and Freedom of Expression in Islam.'
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Caring Democracy : Markets, Equality, and Justice
A rethinking of American democracy that puts caring responsibilities at the centerAmericans now face a caring deficit: there are simply too many demands on people’s time for us to care adequately for our children, elderly people, and ourselves.At the same time, political involvement in the United States is at an all-time low, and although political life should help us to care better, people see caring as unsupported by public life and deem the concerns of politics as remote from their lives.Caring Democracy argues that we need to rethink American democracy, as well as our fundamental values and commitments, from a caring perspective.What it means to be a citizen is to be someone who takes up the challenge: how should we best allocate care responsibilities in society?Joan Tronto argues that we need to look again at how gender, race, class, and market forces misallocate caring responsibilities and think about freedom and equality from the standpoint of making caring more just.The idea that production and economic life are the most important political and human concerns ignores the reality that caring, for ourselves and others, should be the highest value that shapes how we view the economy, politics, and institutions such as schools and the family.Care is at the center of our human lives, but Tronto argues it is currently too far removed from the concerns of politics.Caring Democracy traces the reasons for this disconnection and argues for the need to make care, not economics, the central concern of democratic political life.
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What are overhang mandates and compensatory mandates?
Overhang mandates refer to the situation where a political party wins more seats in an election than it would be entitled to based on its share of the vote. This can happen when a party wins a large number of constituency seats but a smaller share of the overall vote. Compensatory mandates are additional seats allocated to other parties in order to balance out the overhang mandates and ensure that the overall distribution of seats in the legislature reflects the proportion of votes each party received. These mandates are used in some electoral systems to achieve a more proportional representation of political parties in the legislature.
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What are compensatory mandates?
Compensatory mandates are policies or programs implemented by governments to address historical inequalities or disadvantages faced by certain groups. These mandates aim to provide additional resources, support, or opportunities to individuals or communities who have been marginalized or discriminated against in the past. Compensatory mandates are often used to promote social justice and equality by leveling the playing field and ensuring that everyone has access to the same opportunities for success.
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How are direct mandates simply explained?
Direct mandates are simply explained as instructions given by a principal to an agent to carry out specific tasks or make decisions on their behalf. This can include tasks such as making financial transactions, managing investments, or representing the principal in legal matters. Direct mandates are typically given in writing and outline the scope of the agent's authority and responsibilities. This type of mandate allows the principal to delegate certain tasks while retaining overall control and decision-making authority.
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What are overhang and leveling mandates?
Overhang mandates refer to regulations that limit the amount of shares that can be sold by existing shareholders in an initial public offering (IPO) to prevent a flood of shares entering the market and causing a drop in price. Leveling mandates, on the other hand, are regulations that require companies to disclose information about their financial performance and operations to ensure transparency and prevent fraud. Both overhang and leveling mandates are designed to protect investors and maintain the integrity of the financial markets.
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Play and Social Justice : Equity, Advocacy, and Opportunity
The importance of play for healthy development is undeniable.Aspects of play have been linked to the development of social skills, health and fitness, motivation, curiosity, innovation, imagination, and problem solving.Both theory and research suggest that play of various types is critical for healthy development and that playfulness is an important quality across the life span.However, opportunities to play and quality of play facilities in schools, after-school programs, childcare centers, community parks, and museums are not equitable by race, socio-economic status, and ability. And racial profiling, immigrant status, illness, and incarceration interfere with child’s play.The first section of the book defines play and social justice and describes disparities in play opportunities in childcare, schools, and communities as well as inequities in how play is interpreted.The next section describes pre-school, elementary, high school, and university programs that use play to liberate, teach, and build community as well as after-school, hospital, and community programs that help to level the playing field of opportunity.The final part of the book discusses ways to ameliorate inequities through research and advocacy.Four research methods are described that are useful for conducting studies on the amount of play children experience, attitudes toward play, and the effect of play on other variables.Finally, a child, a parent, and a teacher describe ways they tried to obtain more recess, using various methods of advocacy.The appendix provides resources indispensable for those convinced that play for all is indeed a social justice issue worthy of advocacy.
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G. A. Cohen : Liberty, Justice and Equality
G. A. Cohen was one of the towering political philosophers of the late twentieth and early twenty-first centuries.His intellectual career was unusually wide-ranging, and he was celebrated internationally not only for his penetrating ideas about liberty, justice and equality, but also for his method, a highly original and influential combination of analytical philosophy and Marxism. Christine Sypnowich guides readers through the rich body of Cohen’s work.By identifying five paradoxes in his thought, she explores the origins of his interest in analytical philosophy, his engagement with the ideas of right-wing libertarianism, his critique of John Rawls’s work, his late-career turn to conservatism, and the tension between his preoccupation with individual responsibility and the idea of a socialist ethos.Sypnowich acknowledges the strengths of Cohen’s positions as well as their tensions and flaws, and presents him as a thinker of startling insight. This compelling introduction is a go-to resource for students and scholars of modern political philosophy.
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Arctic Justice : Environment, Society and Governance
EPDF and EPUB available Open Access under CC-BY-NC-ND licence. Offering a unique introduction to the study of justice in the European, North American and Russian Arctic, this collection considers the responsibilities and failures of justice for environment and society in the region.Inspired by key thinkers in justice, this book highlights the real and practical consequences of postcolonial legacies, climate change and the regions’ incorporation into the international political economy.The chapters feature liberal, cosmopolitan, feminist, as well as critical justice perspectives from experts with decades of research experience in the Arctic.Moving from a critique of current failures, the collection champions a just and sustainable future for Arctic development and governance.
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The Feminist Legislation Project : Rewriting Laws for Gender-Based Justice
In this book, leading law academics along with lawyers, activists and others demonstrate what legislation could look like if its concern was to create justice for women. Each chapter contains a short piece of legislation – proposed in order to address a contemporary legal problem from a feminist perspective.These range across criminal law (sexual offences, Indigenous women’s experiences of criminal law, laws in relation to forced marriage, modern slavery, childcare and sentencing), civil law (aged care and housing rights, regulating the gig economy; surrogacy, gender equity in the construction industry) and constitutional law (human rights legislation, reimagining parliaments where laws are made for the benefit of women).The proposed laws are, moreover, drafted with feedback from a senior parliamentary draftsperson (providing guidance to contributors in a personal capacity), to ensure conformity with legislative rigour, as well as accompanied by an explanation of their reasons and their aims.Although the legislation is Australian-based, the issues raised by each are recognisably global, and are reflected in the legislation of most other nations. This first feminist legislation project will appeal to scholars of feminist legal studies, gender and the law, gender studies and others studying or working in relevant legal areas.
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How can direct mandates be easily explained?
Direct mandates can be easily explained as instructions given by voters to their elected representatives on specific issues or policies. This means that constituents directly communicate their preferences to their representatives, guiding them on how to vote or act on certain matters. Direct mandates are a way for citizens to have a more direct influence on the decision-making process and hold their representatives accountable. By providing clear and specific instructions, direct mandates help ensure that elected officials accurately represent the will of the people.
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What are compensatory mandates in the Bundestag?
Compensatory mandates in the Bundestag refer to additional seats that are allocated to political parties in order to ensure proportionality in representation. This means that if a party receives more direct mandates in a federal state than it would be entitled to based on its share of the second votes, compensatory mandates are allocated to other parties to balance out the distribution of seats. This system helps to maintain fairness and accuracy in the representation of different political parties in the Bundestag.
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Is a probation condition that mandates work valid?
A probation condition that mandates work can be valid in certain circumstances. It may be imposed to help the individual reintegrate into society, develop job skills, and maintain financial stability. However, the condition must be reasonable and tailored to the individual's circumstances, taking into account factors such as their ability to work, availability of suitable employment, and any potential conflicts with other probation conditions. Additionally, the condition should not be overly burdensome or punitive in nature.
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Is a probation requirement that mandates work valid?
Probation requirements that mandate work can be valid, as they are often intended to help individuals reintegrate into society and develop job skills. However, the requirement must be reasonable and take into account the individual's circumstances, such as their ability to find suitable employment. Additionally, the requirement should not be overly burdensome or punitive, and should be tailored to the individual's needs and abilities. Overall, the validity of a probation requirement that mandates work depends on whether it is fair, reasonable, and serves the rehabilitative goals of the probation system.
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